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| children = | website = | signature = John Wayne signature.svg }} Marion Mitchell Morrison (born Marion Robert Morrison; May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979), known by his stage name John Wayne, was an American film actor, director, and producer. An Academy Award-winner for ''True Grit'' (1969), Wayne was among the top box office draws for three decades.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=The Numbers )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Quigley's Annual List of Box-Office Champions, 1932–1970 )〕 An enduring American icon, for several generations of Americans he epitomized rugged masculinity and is famous for his demeanor, including his distinctive calm voice, walk, and height. Originally from Iowa, Wayne grew up in Southern California. He found work at local film studios when he lost his football scholarship to USC as a result of a bodysurfing accident. Initially working for the Fox Film Corporation, he mostly appeared in small bit parts. His first leading role came in Raoul Walsh's lavish widescreen epic ''The Big Trail'' (1930), which led to leading roles in numerous B movies throughout the 1930s, many of them in the Western genre. Wayne's career took off in 1939, with John Ford's ''Stagecoach'' making him an instant mainstream star. Wayne went on to star in 142 pictures. Biographer Ronald Davis says: "John Wayne personified for millions the nation's frontier heritage. Eighty-three of his movies were Westerns, and in them he played cowboys, cavalrymen, and unconquerable loners extracted from the Republic's central creation myth." In addition to ''True Grit'' and ''Stagecoach'', among his best-known Westerns are ''Red River'' (1948), as a cattleman driving his herd north on the Chisholm Trail, ''The Searchers'' (1956), playing a Civil War veteran whose young niece is abducted by a tribe of Comanches, and ''The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance'' (1962), as a troubled rancher competing with an Eastern lawyer for a woman's hand in marriage. Wayne is also remembered for his roles in ''The Quiet Man'' (1952), ''Rio Bravo'' (1959), and ''The Longest Day'' (1962). In his final screen performance, he starred as an aging gunfighter battling cancer in ''The Shootist'' (1976). He appeared with many important Hollywood stars of his era, including Maureen O'Hara, James Stewart, Dean Martin, and Natalie Wood. ==Early life== John Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison on May 26, 1907 at 224 South Second Street in Winterset, Iowa.〔Madison County, Iowa, birth certificate.〕 The local paper, ''Winterset Madisonian'', reported on page 4 of the May 30, 1907 edition, that Wayne weighed 13 pounds at birth. His middle name was soon changed from Robert to Mitchell when his parents decided to name their next son Robert.〔〔〔(Years later, after Wayne became an actor, a publicist's error referred to his "real" name as Marion Michael Morrison instead of the correct Marion Mitchell Morrison. This error infected virtually every biography of Wayne until Roberts and Olson uncovered the facts in their biography ''John Wayne: American'', drawing on the draft of Wayne's unfinished autobiography, among other sources.)〕〔Wayne, John, ''My Kingdom'', unfinished draft autobiography, University of Texas Library.〕 Wayne's father, Clyde Leonard Morrison (1884–1937), was the son of American Civil War veteran Marion Mitchell Morrison (1845–1915). Wayne's mother, the former Mary "Molly" Alberta Brown (1885–1970), was from Lancaster County, Nebraska. Wayne's ancestry included Scottish, Scots-Irish, Irish, and English.〔''(John Wayne: a tribute )'', by Norm Goldstein, p. 12, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1979〕 He was brought up as a Presbyterian. Wayne's family moved to Palmdale, California, and then in 1916 to Glendale, California, where his father worked as a pharmacist. A local fireman at the station on his route to school in Glendale started calling him "Little Duke" because he never went anywhere without his huge Airedale Terrier, Duke.〔〔Munn, Michael (2003). ''John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth''. London: Robson Books. p. 7. ISBN 0-451-21244-4.〕 He preferred "Duke" to "Marion", and the name stuck for the rest of his life. Wayne attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale. As a teen, he worked in an ice cream shop for a man who shod horses for Hollywood studios. He was also active as a member of the Order of DeMolay, a youth organization associated with the Freemasons. He played football for the 1924 league champion Glendale High School team.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Glendale High School )〕 Wayne applied to the U.S. Naval Academy, but was not accepted. He instead attended the University of Southern California (USC), majoring in prelaw. He was a member of the Trojan Knights and Sigma Chi fraternities. Wayne also played on the USC football team under coach Howard Jones. A broken collarbone injury curtailed his athletic career; Wayne later noted he was too terrified of Jones's reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury, a bodysurfing accident. He lost his athletic scholarship, and without funds, had to leave the university.〔Shephard, Richard. (Biography ). JWayne.com. Retrieved March 11, 2010.〕 As a favor to Southern Cal football coach Howard Jones, who had given silent western film star Tom Mix tickets to USC games, director John Ford and Mix hired Wayne as a prop boy and extra.〔 Wayne later credited his walk, talk, and persona to his acquaintance with Wyatt Earp, who was good friends with Mix. Wayne soon moved on to bit parts, establishing a longtime friendship with the director who provided most of those roles, John Ford. Early in this period, he had a minor, uncredited role as a guard in the 1926 film ''Bardelys the Magnificent''. Wayne also appeared with his USC teammates playing football in ''Brown of Harvard'' (1926), ''The Dropkick'' (1927), and ''Salute'' (1929) and Columbia's ''Maker of Men'' (filmed in 1930, released in 1931).〔(Biography of John Wayne ). Think Quest: Library.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Wayne」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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